Bloodborne Pathogen/Sharps

Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics. (2025). EPINet sharp object injury and blood and body fluid exposure reports by year. https://aoec.org/epinet/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Workbook for designing, implementing, and evaluating a sharps injury prevention program. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/media/pdfs/Sharps-Safety-Workbook-2008-P.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025). Resources for reducing bloodborne pathogen exposures in healthcare settings.

Gomaa, A., Afanuh, S., Mobley, A., & Sweeney, M. H. (2025). Resources for reducing bloodborne pathogen exposures in healthcare settings: Quick references to keep healthcare personnel safe from bloodborne pathogens.

Good, L., & Grimmond, T. (2017). Proven strategies to prevent bloodborne pathogen exposure in EXPO-S.T.O.P. hospitals. Journal of the Association of Occupational Health Professionals in Healthcare. https://aohp.org/aohp/Portals/0/Documents/ToolsForYourWork/free_publications/Strategies%20to%20S.T.O.P.%20bloodborne%20pathogen%20exposures-2017.pdf

Massachusetts Department of Public Health. (n.d.). Needlesticks and sharps injuries among Massachusetts hospital workers. https://www.mass.gov

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). Bloodborne pathogens and needlestick prevention. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/bloodbornepathogens/gen_guidance.html

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). Bloodborne pathogens standard (29 CFR 1910.1030). https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1030

Persaud, E., Parker, G. B., & Mitchell, A. H. (2023). Blood and body fluid exposure among healthcare workers and personal protective equipment usage in the United States. Workplace Health & Safety, 71(9), 429–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799231163132

Texas Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Bloodborne pathogens: Contaminated sharps injury data. https://www.dshs.texas.gov

Training for Development of Innovative Control Technologies Project. (n.d.). Healthcare workplace injuries and exposures. https://www.tdict.org

Hepatitis B

CDC (Mary 2024). Responding to HBV Exposures in Health Care Settings. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/hcp/infection-control/index.html

CDC (January 2025). Clinical testing and diagnosis for Hepatitis B. Clinical Testing and Diagnosis for Hepatitis B | Hepatitis B | CDC

Connors, E.E., Panagiotakopoulos, L. Hofmeister, M.G., et al. Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC Recommendations-United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep 2023; 72 (No. RR-1): 1-25. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7201a1

Immunize.org. Ask the Experts: Hepatitis B. Retrieved from: https://www.immunize.org/ask-experts/topic/hepb/

Immunize.org. Hepatitis B and Healthcare Personnel.Retrieved from: https://www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p2109.pdf

Schillie, S., Vellozzi, C., Reingold, A. et al. Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 2018:67(No. RR-1):1-31. Doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1.

Hepatitis C

Moorman AC, de Perio MA, Goldschmidt R, et al. Testing and Clinical Management of Health Care Personnel Potentially Exposed to Hepatitis C Virus — CDC Guidance, United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69(No. RR-6):1–8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6906a1

HIV

Kofman AD, Struble KA, Heneine W, et al. 2025 US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Recommendations for Post-exposure Prophylaxis in Healthcare Settings. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. Published online 2025:1-11. doi:10.1017/ice.2025.10254

HBV/HCV/HIV

Henderson, DK Dembry, L-M, Sifri, CD, et al. Management of healthare personnel living with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus in US healthcare instutions. Infection Control & Hosital Epidemiology. 2022:43(2): 147-155. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.458

PEP

University of California, San Francisco Clinician Consultation Center. PEP Quick Guide for Occupational Exposures. Retrieved from https://nccc.ucsf.edu/clinical-resources/pep-resources/pep-quick-guide/ 

University of California, San Francisco Clinician Consultation Center. PEP Quick Guide for Occupational Exposures. Retrieved from: https://nccc.ucsf.edu/clinical-resources/pep-resources/pep-quick-guide-for-exposures/

PEP Quick Guide for Occupational Exposures - An Excellent Resource for BBE.